Get Permission Yadav, Mala, Besati, Padmasree, Manaswini, and Kumar L G: ABO blood group relationship with COVID-19 occurrence and severity


Introduction

Since December 2019, several cases of pneumonia caused by the novel coronavirus have been found in Wuhan, Hubei Province. The WHO has officially called coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19).1 The novel corona virus is linked to viruses that cause fatal acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) and Middle East respiratory syndrome (MERS) diseases.2 For the first time, Huang et al. registered 41 cases of COVID-19, most of which were contracted at the Huanan Seafood Market. Medical symptoms included fever, cough, dyspnea, myalgia, weakness, normal or reduced white blood cell count, and evidence of imaging pneumonia.3

There is a blood type association with rotavirus, noroviruses (NoVs), dengue virus, Norwalk virus and hepatitis B virus.4, 5, 6, 7 The type of human blood has been used as a genetic marker. By observing the relationship between the human blood type and the virus infection, it is possible to assess the susceptibility of people with different types of blood group to the virus. There is no evidence on the relationship between ABO blood typing and the incidence of COVID-19 disease in Indian population

The present study aimed to assess the relation between the ABO blood group and occurence of COVID-19 and severity.

Materials and Methods

This was a single centric retrospective study conducted at the MNR Medical College & Hospital among the patients admitted for COVID-19 infections during the July 25th to 30th October 2020. All the patients who were tested COVID-19 positive and the blood type recorded in the health care record were included in present study. The demographics, comorbidities, and the laboratory data of CBC, RBS, liver function test, renal function test, C-reactive protein, serum ferritin and D-dimer were reviewed. All procedures followed were in compliance with the ethical guidelines of the responsible committee for human experimentation (both institutional and national) and Helsinki Declaration of 1975 as revised in 2008. The comorbidities of interest which were analyzed as a binary variables were hypertension, smoking,8 hyperlipidemia, COPD, history of CAD, diabetes mellitus,9 history of cancer, chronic kidney disease, patients on dialysis10 liver disease, thyroid disorders11 and asthma were recorded. Admission referred to the admission which was primarily for the treatment and isolation specific to the COVID-19 infection. Death was defined as the mortality in which COVID-19 infection complications had a significant role in patient’s death.

Statistical analysis

All the data were entered in excel sheet and analysed using the IBM SPSS v23 operating on windows 10. The continuous data were evaluated for the normality as determined by skewness and kurtosis. The chi-square test was used for categorical variable and student’s t test was used for the continuous variables as appropriate. A p-value of <0.05 considered statistically significant.

Result

Total of 365 patients were enrolled in present study after obtaining the informed consent from all of them. Among them 53.2% were male patients and 45.8% were female patients, with male predominance. The blood group of A was common followed with blood group O and group B. 68.5% (n=250) of the patients included had turned to be positive for COVID-19 and 31.5% (n=115) were with negative COVID-19.(Table 1)

Table 1

Demographic details of the patients included in present study

Frequency

Percent

Gender

Female

171

46.8

Male

194

53.2

Blood Group

A

116

31.8

AB

30

8.2

B

105

28.8

O

114

31.2

Rh

Negative

21

5.8

Positive

344

94.2

COVID-19 Test

Absent

115

31.5

Present

250

68.5

Ventilator support

Not required

232

63.6

Required

18

4.9

Total

250

68.5

Outcome

Death

2

.5

Discharged

248

67.9

Total

250

68.5

Hospital stay

< 7days

176

48.2

> 7days

74

20.3

Total

250

68.5

Table 2

Showing the odds of the occurrence of COVID-19 among the blood groups

Blood Group

OR

95% CI

Sig

A

1.845

(1.122 – 2.109

0.001**

B

1.036

0.753 – 1.475

0.71

O

0.549

(0.357 – 0.930)

0.01*

AB

0.73

0.41 – 1.215

0.30

There was a significant higher odds of the COVID-19 among the blood group A compared to the other blood group type and blood group O had lower odds of the disease. (Table 2)

Table 3

Comparison of the blood group with the presence of COVID-19 using chi-square test

COVID-19

Negative

Positive

Chi-square (p-value)

Blood group

A

Count

38

78

7.886 (0.001**)

% within COVID-19

33.0%

31.2%

AB

Count

6

24

1.22 (0.260)

% within COVID-19

5.2%

9.6%

B

Count

36

69

0.152 (0.707)

% within COVID-19

31.3%

27.6%

O

Count

54

60

5.611 (0.011*)

% within COVID-19

46.9%

24.0%

In 31.2% patients with blood group A had significant higher incidence with COVID-19, compared to 24.0% in blood group O, 27.6% in group B and 9.6% in blood group AB.(Table 3)

Table 4

Comparison of the blood group with requirement of ventilator support using chi-square test

Ventilator support

Chi-sqaure (p-value)

Not required

Required

Blood group

A

Count

69

9

5.657 (0.03)*

% within Ventilator support

29.7%

50.0%

AB

Count

21

3

% within Ventilator support

9.1%

16.7%

B

Count

67

2

% within Ventilator support

28.9%

11.1%

O

Count

75

4

% within Ventilator support

32.3%

22.2%

A significant higher incidence of requirement of ventilator support was documented in 50% of the patients with group A compared to other blood group.(Table 4)

Table 5

Comparison of the blood group with outcome of patients using chi-square test

Outcome

Chi-square (p-value)

Death

Discharged

Blood group

A

Count

4

74

4.446 (0.02*)

% within Outcome

100.0%

30.6%

AB

Count

0

24

% within Outcome

0.0%

9.7%

B

Count

0

69

% within Outcome

0.0%

27.8%

O

Count

0

79

% within Outcome

0.0%

31.9%

In present study, total of 4 patients succumbed to death, and all death occurred in patients with blood group A. (Table 5)

Discussion

Blood group antigen expression differences can increase or decrease host susceptibility to a variety of infections. By acting as receptors and/or coreceptors for microorganisms, parasites, and viruses, blood group antigens can play a direct role in infection. Furthermore, through the organization of membrane microdomains, many blood group antigens facilitate intracellular uptake, signal transduction, or cell adhesion. Blood group antigens have the ability to alter the innate immune response to infection.12

Although the present study does not examine the mechanism behind the association, one possible mechanism that could be involved in the increased risk associated with the blood type A antigen is that it contains galactose as an end-group saccharide. In this position, both blood type B and O have galactose amines, which may explain the disparity between the blood types. The SARS-COV-2 spike protein has been shown to bind carbohydrates, and a close affinity between the A antigen and the virus could promote the virus' uptake in the cells.13

In present study, we have found a higher incidence of COVID-19 positive among the patients with blood Group A compared to other blood groups. Zhanna Kaidarova and colleagues discovered that individuals with blood groups A and D are more likely to develop severe disease outcomes following West Nile virus infection due to genetic susceptibility.14 The presence of histo-blood group antigens (HBGA), specifically those corresponding to the ABO, secretor, and Lewis phenotypes, is largely responsible for genetic susceptibility to norovirus.15 Rotavirus gastroenteritis was significantly more common in children with blood groups A and AB than in those with blood group O. The findings support the hypothesis that an HBGA genetic background is associated with rotavirus susceptibility.16 Cheng et al. discovered that patients with blood group O were less susceptible to SARS-CoV infection.17 According to Patrice et al., natural human anti-A antibodies may block the interaction between SARS-CoV and its receptor, thereby providing protection, which could explain why people with blood group A were more susceptible to SARS-CoV infection while people with blood group O were not.18

Also, there was a significant higher incidence of the patients with blood group A showing the requirement of the ventilator support during the course of disease, and 4 patients death was noted in study and all of them were with blood group A. The hospital stay of >7 days was frequently seen among the patients with blood Group A.

Conclusion

The current study validated the presence of higher risk of type A blood group compared to other blood group type with susceptibility for the SARS-CoV and also the severity of the progression of disease. The mortality is also higher among the patients with blood group type A. moreover, further investigations and studies are recommended to clarify and substantiate the above finding and provide better understanding at the molecular level insight related to pathogenesis and severity with blood type of patient.

Source of Funding

The authors state that this work has not received any funding.

Conflict of Interest

The authors declare that there is no conflict of interest or financial disclosure related to this publication.

References

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AM Kazi MM Cortese Y Yu B Lopman AL Morrow JA Fleming Secretor and Salivary ABO Blood Group Antigen Status Predict Rotavirus Vaccine Take in InfantsJ Infect Dis201721557869

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AP Dsouza R Ramlinga A Yadav M Mala Effect of Hemodialysis on Trace Elements in Renal Failure PatientsIndian J Med Biochem20192322335

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A Yadav GAM Yadav KK Narsingrao NLG Kumar GSN Yadav Prevalence of thyroid disorders among patients with diabetes in rural South IndiaDiabetes Metab Syndr Clin Res Rev20211538859

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P Vasavi MK Usha A Yadav Role of training session in improving the knowledge of blood transfusion practices among undergraduates: A hospital-based studyJ Pathol Nepal202010117025

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F Chiodo SCM Bruijns E Rodriguez RJE Li A Molinaro A Silipo Novel ACE2-Independent Carbohydrate-Binding of SARS-CoV-2 Spike Protein to Host Lectins and Lung MicrobiotabioRxiv202010.1101/2020.05.13.092478

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S Sharma M Hagbom B Carlsson JN Öhd M Insulander R Eriksson Secretor Status is Associated with Susceptibility to Disease in a Large GII.6 Norovirus Foodborne OutbreakFood Environ Virol20201212834

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Y Cheng G Cheng CH Chui FY Lau PKS Chan MHL Ng ABO blood group and susceptibility to severe acute respiratory syndromeJAMA20052931214501

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P Guillon M Clément V Sébille JG Rivain CF Chou N Ruvoën-Clouet Inhibition of the interaction between the SARS-CoV spike protein and its cellular receptor by anti-histo-blood group antibodiesGlycobiology20081812108593



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Article History

Received : 27-05-2022

Accepted : 25-07-2022


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https://doi.org/ 10.18231/j.ijcap.2022.041


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