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- DOI 10.18231/j.ijcap.2020.013
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CrossMark
- Citation
Sleep pattern and life style habits in medical students and interns
- Author Details:
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Ashita Maria Paul
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Vikram Gowda N R *
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V S Sumadevi
Introduction
Healthy sleep is an indicator of healthy behavior that is largely overlooked by the existing health policies or clinicians. The view that sleep is not an integral part of healthy behavior, however, is beginning to change.[1] In developed countries they reached to consensus that sleep deprivation and sleep disorders have significant impact on public health. This has promoted them to implement adequate sleep as a national health priority for healthy population.[2] These developments are indicating that the response is due to large amount of evidence presented with unhealthy sleep and its association with increased morbidity and mortality.
There is strong evidence from a number of studies that support sleep behavior as an important component of health. Sleep like diet represents an essential biological entity met by engaging in particular set of behaviors. These set of behaviors are modifiable and if potentially intervened one can modify the sleep pattern. These modifiable factors which are at individual’s level can be influenced by social, economic and environmental factors.
Difficulty in sleep is a growing concern and present statistics suggest that one-third of the adult population is affected. Western data and studies from Japan have reported prevalence of insomnia related symptoms ranging from 10% to 48%. This difference is mainly due to criteria used in defining insomnia and different socio-cultural background.[4], [3]
The problems related to sleep disorder form a growing concern and this in medical profession also has its impact. Studies have shown that unrestricted hours of duty adversely affect the performance of residents.[6], [5] Landrigan et al in their study has demonstrated significant reduction in errors by interns after introduction of intervention schedule that provided essential break and reducing number of hours on duty per week.[7]
Sleep pattern and behavior can affect the cognitive ability and psychomotor performance of the students and interns. These functions which are vital for medical students and interns need to be addressed as they are going to take care of the unhealthy or diseased population. Hence this study is planned to be conducted in medical college and study the pattern of sleep and life style habits of students. Since it is a modifiable behavior pattern appropriate measures can be addressed and healthy life adopted
Objectives
1. To determine self-reported sleep pattern and life style behavior among medical students and interns
Methodology
Study design
Observational cross-sectional study
Study setting
Department of Physiology, Pushpagiri Institute of Medical Sciences & Research Centre, Thiruvalla.
Sample size
261.
Sampling method
Purposive or convenient sampling.
Inclusion criteria
All medical students from 1st semester to 9th semester and interns.
Exclusion criteria
Subjects who are on medications or diagnosed with psychological illness and other disease which will affect their sleep.
Study duration
2 month’s (June- July 2018).
Study procedure
After obtaining informed consent all students and interns fulfilling inclusion criteria were provided detailed information about the study and the option to withdraw from study. The participants were interviewed in department of physiology on reporting for the study. Baseline anthropometric parameters like height and body weight were recorded by standard procedure. They were being provided with self-administered questionnaire which include d various demographic parameters, sleep patterns and life style habits incorporated in it.
Study tool
Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index[8] (PSQI)
Pittsburgh sleep quality index is a self-report questionnaire that assesses sleep quality over one month time interval. It consists of 19 individual themes and 7 components which help in deducing global score. Each item is rated on a 0-3 interval scale. Then the global score is calculated using all seven components score. A total score of “5” or greater is indicative of poor sleep quality. The score helps in understanding three factors which include sleep efficiency, perceived sleep quality and daily disturbances.
A self-reporting questionnaire including sleepiness, acute insomnia and chronic insomnia, activities in bed and sleep environment involving responses was obtained which will help in understanding life style habits and understand individual sleep pattern and behavior better. This test is developed and validated by Grandner MA et al.[9] in the article “The Development of a Questionnaire to Assess Sleep-Related Practices, Beliefs, and Attitudes”.
Statistical analysis
Data was expressed in frequency tables for distribution of nominal variables. Mean and standard deviation (SD) were used for presenting numeric variables. Student’s t-test, one-way ANOVA and appropriate test for pot hoc analyzing were used. The significance level was at P<0.05.
Observation and Results
The number of participants who completed the response was 261 Gender distribution as shown in [Table 1] had predominantly females composing 69% of study population.
| Gender | Frequency | Percent |
| Male | 82 | 31.4 |
| Female | 179 | 68.6 |
| Frequency | Percent | |
| 1-2nd semester | 61 | 23.4 |
| 3-5th semester | 65 | 24.9 |
| 6-7th semester | 74 | 28.4 |
| 8-9th semester | 30 | 11.5 |
| Interns | 31 | 11.9 |
| Variable | Mean | SD | ||
| Age | 21.32 | 1.684 | ||
| Height (in centimeters) | 170.130 | 97.6083 | ||
| Weight (in kilograms) | 57.843 | 11.1739 | ||
| 1. When have you usually gone to bed? | 9.6539 | 3.56736 | ||
| 2. How long (in minutes) has it taken you to fall asleep each night? | 16.1054 | 29.68387 | ||
| 3. What time have you usually gotten up in the morning? | 6.0270 | 1.91033 | ||
| 4. [A] How many hours of actual sleep did you get at night? | 6.4942 | 1.22801 | ||
| 4. [B] How many hours were you in bed? | 7.0552 | 1.40862 | ||
| 5. During the past month, how often have you had trouble sleeping because you | Not during the past month (%) | Less than once a week (%) | Once or twice a week (%) | Three or more times a week (%) |
| A. Cannot get to sleep within 30 minutes | 157 (60.2) | 63 (24.1) | 34 (13) | 7 (2.7) |
| B. Wake up in the middle of the night or early morning | 122 (46.7) | 75 (28.7) | 55 (21.7) | 9 (3.4) |
| C. Have to get up to use the bathroom | 170 (65.1) | 62 (23.8) | 23 (8.8) | 6 (2.3) |
| D. Cannot breathe comfortably | 228 (87.4) | 17 (6.5) | 16 (6.1) | 0 |
| E. Cough or snore loudly | 229 (87.7) | 20 (7.7) | 11 (4.2) | 1 (0.4) |
| F. Feel too cold | 117 (44.8) | 84 (32.2) | 54 (20.2) | 6(2.3) |
| G. Feel too hot | 194(74.3) | 47(18) | 19 (7.3) | 1 (0.4) |
| H. Have bad dreams | 135 (51.7) | 88 (33.7) | 33 (12.6) | 5 (1.9) |
| I. Have pain | 220 (84.3) | 32 (12.3) | 9 (3.4) | 0 |
| 6. During the past month, how often have you taken medicine (prescribed or “over the counter”) to help you sleep? | 253 (96.9) | 6 (2.3) | 1 (0.4) | 1 (0.4) |
| 7. During the past month, how often have you had trouble staying awake while driving, eating meals, or engaging in social activity? | 172 (65.9) | 53 (20.3) | 29 (11.1) | 7 (2.7) |
| 8. During the past month, how much of a problem has it been for you to keep up enthusiasm to get things done? | 120 (46) | 86 (33) | 40 (15.3) | 15 (5.7) |
| Very good | Fairly good | Fairly bad | Very bad | |
| 9. During the past month, how would you rate your sleep quality overall? | 102 (39.1) | 127 (48.7) | 29 (11.1) | 3 (1.1) |
[Table 2] depicts distribution of population semester wise. We had fair enough response from final year and interns group and a major part of the response coming from first three groups of students.
[Table 3] is presented with descriptive distribution of PSQI components showing the mean age weight and sleep duration. Their mean time of getting sleep varied between 15 minutes to 30 minutes. Around 40% of the population reported not get into sleep within thirty minutes and 4% of the population reported to have taken pharmacotherapy due to delay in sleep latency.
[Table 4] is descriptive data of sleep practices and sleep environment to look for chronic association with sleep disorders. The prominent observation was that change in sleep schedule was a prominent cause for change in sleep habit and also worrying in the bed was another important component which was found be an important risk factor for altered sleep habits.
| Variable | Strongly Disagree | Disagree | Unsure | Agree | Strongly Agree |
| If I am feeling sleepy during the day: | |||||
| Sleep more or better | 33 (12.6) | 32. (12.3) | 64 (24.5) | 104 (39.8) | 28 (10.7) |
| Take a nap | 22(8.4) | 23 (8.8) | 46 (17.6) | 122(46.7) | 48 (18.4) |
| Increase caffeine | 86 (33) | 70 (26.8) | 49 (18.8) | 44 (16.9) | 12 (4.6) |
| Increase exercise | 72 (27.6) | 57 (21.8) | 77 (29.5) | 49 (18.8) | 6 (2.3) |
| I never feel sleepy | 123 (47.1) | 92 (35.2) | 32 (12.3) | 6 (2.3) | 8 (3.1) |
| If I were having trouble sleeping tonight: | |||||
| Stay in bed | 27 (10.3) | 32(12.3) | 64 (24.5) | 100 (38.3) | 38 (14.6) |
| Do something in bed | 42 (16.1) | 46 (17.6) | 73 (28) | 90 (34.5) | 10 (3.8) |
| Get up and do something | 49 (18.8) | 65 (24.9) | 77 (29.5) | 61 (23.4) | 9 (3.4) |
| Eat/drink | 73 (28) | 67 (25.7) | 66 (25.3) | 46 (17.6) | 9 (3.4) |
| Drink Alcohol | 209 (80.1) | 37 (14.2) | 10 (3.8) | 3 (1.1) | 2 (0.8) |
| Smoke | 213 (81.6) | 35 (13.4) | 9 (3.4) | 2 (0.8) | 2 (0.8) |
| Increase caffeine | 157 (60.2) | 54 (20.7) | 33 (12.6) | 13 (5 ) | 4 (1.5) |
| Get up and start the day | 93 (35.6) | 65 (24.9) | 70 (26.8) | 29 (11.1) | 4 (1.5) |
| If I were having trouble sleeping over a period of time: | |||||
| Medications | 135 (51.7) | 60 (23) | 46 (17.6) | 16 (6.1) | 4 (1.5) |
| Mattress | 71 (27.2) | 47 (18) | 83 (31.8) | 54 (20.7) | 6 (2.3) |
| Prioritize bed time | 71 (27.2) | 47 (18) | 83 (31.8) | 54 (20.7) | 6 (2.3) |
| Lighting | 48 (18.4) | 46 (17.6) | 54 (20.7) | 87 (33.3) | 26 (10) |
| Temperature | 42 (16.1) | 42 (16.1) | 63 (24.1) | 92 (35.2) | 22 (8.5) |
| Change sleep schedule | 52 (19.2) | 37 (14.2) | 63 (24.1) | 88 (33.7) | 21 (8) |
| Reduce caffeine | 66 (25.3) | 48 (18.4) | 65 (24.9) | 56 (21.5) | 26 (10) |
| Prioritize sleep | 39 (14.9) | 29 (11.1) | 54 (20.7) | 92 (35.2) | 47 (18) |
| I do the following in bed: | |||||
| Read | 37 (14.2) | 40 (15.3) | 23 (8.8) | 128 (49 ) | 33 (12.6) |
| Watch TV/Mobile | 25 (9.6) | 12 (4.6) | 24 (9.2) | 124 (47.5) | 76 (29.1) |
| Eat/Drink | 77 (29.5) | 69 (26.4) | 34 (13) | 70 (26.8) | 11 (4.2) |
| Worry / start thinking | 33 (12.6) | 26 (10) | 49 (18.8) | 107 (41) | 46 (17.6) |
| Argue/angry | 84 (32.2) | 71 (27.2) | 53 (20.3) | 37 (14.2) | 16 (6.1) |
| Work | 81 (31) | 71 (27.2) | 43 (16.5) | 53 (20.3) | 13 (5) |
| Physical environment: | |||||
| Physically comfortable | 8 (3.1) | 9 (3.4) | 39 (14.9) | 148 (56.7) | 57 (21.8) |
| Dark | 12 (4.6) | 28 (10.7) | 46 (17.6) | 115 (44.1) | 60 (23) |
| Comfortable temperature | 9 (3.4) | 12 (4.6) | 40 (15.3) | 131 (50.2) | 69 (26.4) |
| Quiet | 14 (5.4) | 17 (6.5) | 42 (16.1) | 120 (46) | 68 (26.1) |
[Table 5] and [Table 6] shows the classification of subjects based on PSQI score 53% of the response suggested had poor sleep quality and this was observed more common in interns and followed by final year students to first two semesters students. The difference among the group was not statistical significant. Post hoc analysis showed the difference in the group of interns was significantly different from all other groups.
| PSQI Sleep Score | Frequency (%) |
| <5 | 123 (47.1) |
| >=5 | 138 (52.9) |
| Year | PSQI Category | Frequency | Percent | P value |
| 1-2nd semester | Normal (< 5) | 27 | 44.3 | 0.1056 |
| Poor sleep Quality (>= 5) | 34 | 55.7 | ||
| Total | 61 | 100.0 | ||
| 3-5th semester | Normal (< 5) | 33 | 50.8 | |
| Poor sleep Quality (>= 5) | 32 | 49.2 | ||
| Total | 65 | 100.0 | ||
| 6-7th semester | Normal (< 5) | 41 | 55.4 | |
| Poor sleep Quality (>= 5) | 33 | 44.6 | ||
| Total | 74 | 100.0 | ||
| 8-9th semester | Normal (< 5) | 15 | 50.0 | |
| Poor sleep Quality (>= 5) | 15 | 50.0 | ||
| Total | 30 | 100.0 | ||
| Interns | Normal (< 5) | 7 | 22.6 | |
| Poor sleep Quality (>= 5) | 24 | 77.4 | ||
| Total | 31 | 100.0 |
Discussion
Sleep is an important component of health and healthy sleep is essential for normal human behavior. Adequate sleep has been included as a national health priority by many advanced nations. Daily hectic work schedule, healthy or unhealthy competition along with sleep deprivation contributes the major cause of stress among medical students which contributes to their deteriorating health standards.
The present study reviewed of sleep pattern based on questionnaire and habits associated with sleep and its environment. The mean age group of study was 21 years and mean weight of participants was 58 kilograms. The representation of females in the study sample was 69% and 31% constituted of males. The difference in the result obtained based on gender was not significant. Our results are similar to results obtained by E Voltmer et al.[10] and colleagues and they observed that female participants had higher representation in their study with lesser males. In contrast to our study Dyrbye L N et al[11] reported high risk among female students who are more prone to psychological distress. This observation of gender difference among medical students and interns is almost universal as it is observed that females tend to over commit and over exhaust to work schedule which affects their sleep pattern and hence prone for psychological ailments.
Sleep quality index score suggested that nearly 53% of the study population had altered sleep habits in terms of sleep efficiency, quality of sleep perceived and its disturbances, in last one month. This type of pattern was almost uniform in all the semester of students. The batch of interns had significant amount of altered sleep habits and are more prone for stress as observed by our results. Similar results were expressed by other studies which had reported that anxiety and depression tend to be on the rise after enrollment in medical college by Rosal et al.[12] though these measures are obtained by different scales it is common trend to notice that a healthy adult enrolling in the college was led to burnout and emotional turmoil.
In an attempt to determine sleep practice and observe sleep environment among students we had response obtained which displayed that if they failed to get sleep they would start worrying as one of the major concerns among the students. They also restrained from changing the sleep schedule if they failed to get adequate sleep during pre-determined schedule. Less than 2% of the participants suggested preferring medications for adequate sleep.
This attempt to screen medical students and interns may have limited utility because sleep and its disorders have diverse range. The ability to characterize individual’s sleep and its behavior would be challenging to be predicted by simple questionnaire. This study has paved way for opportunities where simple response would help in identifying risk factors and early identification of those factors would help in developing preventive measures
Conclusion
Sleep is an essential component of healthy behavior. Our study results indicates that sleep disturbance is a growing concern among medical students and this is more common in the first year and later in the final year and during interns hip. The study also tried to correlate sleep environment and sleep practice which was inconclusive. Sleep deprivation was seen more among the interns who are at the verge of burnout due to the nature of schedule and working pattern.
The study conducted in medical college of central Kerala region about sleep pattern and life style habits included students of all the phases from first year to interns. Female participation in the study was greater than males. Based on PSQI sleep score, more than 50% of the students had disturbances in sleep which suggest that these students and interns had decreased sleep quality and efficiency in sleep also compromised. The study results also suggested that sleep environment and sleep practices did not affect much of the habits of sleep which lead to the sleep disturbances. Sleep disturbance will be a major concern in academic as well as professional development. As this risk factor is a modifiable risk factor, if this concern is addressed early in their life, proper knowledge and precautions can be provided for healthy life behavior.
Source of Funding
None.
Conflict of Interest
None.
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